B. Hamilton, ‘Rebuilding Zion: the Holy Places of Jerusalem in the Twelfth Century’, Studies in Church History, vol. 14 (1977), pp. 105–16; B. Hamilton, ‘The Cistercians in the Crusader States’, Monastic Reform, Catharism and the Crusade (1979), pp. 405–22; B. Hamilton, ‘Ideals of Holiness: Crusaders, Contemplatives, and Mendicants’, International History Review, vol. 17 (1995), pp. 693–712; A. Jotischky, The Perfection of Solitude: Hermits and Monks in the Crusader States (University Park, PA, 1995); A. Jotischky, ‘Gerard of Nazareth, Mary Magdalene and Latin Relations with the Greek Orthodox Church in the Crusader East in the Twelfth Century’, Levant, vol. 29 (1997), pp. 217–26; B. Z. Kedar, ‘Gerard of Nazareth, a neglected twelfth-century writer of the Latin East’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, vol. 37 (1983), pp. 55–77; B. Z. Kedar, ‘Multidirectional conversion in the Frankish Levant’, Varieties of Religious Conversion in the Middles Ages, ed. J. Muldoon (1997), pp. 190–97; B. Z. Kedar, ‘Latin and Oriental Christians in the Frankish Levant’, Sharing the Sacred: Contacts and Conflicts in the Religious History of the Holy Land, ed. A. Kofsky and G. Stroumsa (1998), pp. 209–22; B. Z. Kedar, ‘Convergences of Oriental Christian, Muslim and Frankish worshippers: the case of Saydnaya and the knights Templar’, The Crusades and the Military Orders, ed. Z. Hunyadi and J. Laszlovszky (Budapest, 2001), pp. 89–100.

93 Even Ibn Jubayr–the source of so many revealing insights into transcultural encounters–peppered his testimony with the language of hate and prejudice: describing Baldwin IV of Jerusalem as ‘the accursed king’ and a ‘pig’, and characterising Acre as a stinking hotbed of ‘unbelief and impiety’ that he hoped God would destroy (pp. 316, 318). Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives, pp. 257–429.

C. Hillenbrand, ‘Abominable acts: the career of Zengi’, The Second Crusade: Scope and Consequences, ed. J. P. Phillips and M. Hoch (Manchester, 2001), pp. 111–32; Holt, The Age of the Crusades, pp. 38–42; H. Gibb, ‘Zengi and the fall of Edessa’, A History of the Crusades, vol. 1, ed. K. M. Setton and M. W. Baldwin (Philadelphia, 1958), pp. 449–62.

In 1140 Zangi gained mention of his name in the khutba (Friday prayer) as overlord of Damascus, but this was really an empty honorific. William of Tyre, p. 684.

Matthew of Edessa (Continuation), p. 243; William of Tyre, p. 739; Bernard of Clairvaux, ‘Epistolae’, Sancti Bernardi Opera, vol. 8, ed. J. Leclercq and H. M. Rochais (Rome, 1977), pp. 314–15.

On the history and significance of assigning numbers to crusading expeditions see: Constable, ‘The Historiography of the Crusades’, pp. 16–17.

Calixtus II, Bullaire, ed. U. Roberts (Paris, 1891), vol. 2, pp. 266–7; D. Girgensohn, ‘Das Pisaner Konzil von 1153 in der Überlieferung des Pisaner Konzils von 1409’, Festschrift für Hermann Heimpel, vol. 2 (Göttingen, 1971), pp. 1099–100; Bernard of Clairvaux, ‘Epistolae’, p. 435.

For the text of Quantum praedecessores see: R. Grosse, ‘Überlegungen zum kreuzzugeaufreuf Eugens III. von 1145/6. Mit einer Neueedition von JL 8876’, Francia, vol. 18 (1991), pp. 85–92. On the history of the Second Crusade see: V. Berry, ‘The Second Crusade’, A History of the Crusades, vol. 1, ed. K. M. Setton and M. W. Baldwin (Philadelphia, 1958), pp. 463–511; G. Constable, ‘The Second Crusade as Seen by Contemporaries’, Traditio, vol. 9 (1953), pp. 213–79; M. Gervers (ed.), The Second Crusade and the Cistercians (New York, 1992); A. Grabois, ‘Crusade of Louis VII: a Reconsideration’, Crusade and Settlement, ed. P. W. Edbury (Cardiff, 1985), pp. 94–104; J. P. Phillips and M. Hoch (eds), The Second Crusade: Scope and Consequences (Manchester, 2001); J. P. Phillips, The Second Crusade: Extending the Frontiers of Christendom (London, 2007). The main primary sources for the Near Eastern element of the Second Crusade are: Odo of Deuil, De profectione Ludovici VII in Orientem, ed. and trans. V. G. Berry (New York, 1948); Otto of Freising, Gesta Frederici seu rectius Chronica, ed. G. Waitz, B. Simon and F.-J. Schmale, trans. A. Schmidt (Darmstadt, 1965); William of Tyre, pp. 718–70; John of Salisbury, Historia Pontificalis, ed. and trans. M. Chibnall (London, 1956), pp. 52–9; John Kinnamos, The Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus, trans. C. M. Brand (New York, 1976), pp. 58–72; Niketas Choniates, O’ City of Byzantium: Annals of Niketas Choniates (Detroit, 1984), pp. 35–42; Ibn al-Qalanisi, pp. 270–89; Ibn al-Athir, The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the Crusading Period from al-Kamil fi’l-Ta’rikh, trans. D. S. Richards, vol. 2 (Aldershot, 2007), pp. 7–22; Sibt ibn al-Jauzi, ‘The Mirror of the Times’, Arab Historians of the Crusades, trans. F. Gabrieli, pp. 62–3; Michael the Syrian, Chronique de Michel le Syrien, patriarche jacobite d’Antioche (1166–1199), ed. and trans. J. B. Chabot, vol. 3 (Paris, 1905); Anonymous Syriac Chronicle, ‘The First and Second Crusades from an Anonymous Syriac Chronicle’, ed. and trans. A. S. Tritton and H. A. R. Gibb, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. 92 (1933), pp. 273–306.

On St Bernard and the Cistercians see: G. R. Evans, Bernard of Clairvaux (New York, 2000); C. H. Berman, The Cistercian Evolution (Philadelphia, 2000).

Odo of Deuil, pp. 8–9; Bernard of Clairvaux, ‘Epistolae’, pp. 314–15, 435; Phillips, The Second Crusade: Extending the Frontiers of Christendom, pp. 61–79.

‘Vita Prima Sancti Bernardi’, Patrologia Latina, J. P. Migne, vol. 185 (Paris, 1855), col. 381; Tyerman, God’s War, p. 280; J. Phillips, ‘Papacy, empire and the Second Crusade’, The Second Crusade: Scope and Consequences, ed. J. P. Phillips and M. Hoch (Manchester, 2001), pp. 15–31; G. A. Loud, ‘Some reflections on the failure of the Second Crusade’, Crusades, vol. 4 (2005), pp. 1–14. Despite Graham Loud’s convincing refutation of the arguments posited by Jonathan Phillips in 2001, Phillips made a rather ill-advised attempt in 2007 to defend his suggestion that Pope Eugenius was involved in Conrad’s recruitment. By contrast, Phillips’ observations on the impact of memory and kinship upon recruitment are persuasive (Phillips, The Second Crusade: Extending the Frontiers of Christendom, pp. 25, 87–98, 99–103, 129–30).

‘Chevalier, Mult es Guariz’, The Crusades: A Reader, ed. S. J. Allen and E. Amt (Peterborough, Ontario, 2003), pp. 213–14. For an introduction to crusader songs see: M. Routledge, ‘Songs’, The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, ed. J. S. C. Riley-Smith (Oxford, 1995), pp. 91–111.

Helmold of Bosau, Chronica Slavorum, ed. and trans. H. Stoob (Darmstadt, 1963), pp. 216–17; Eugenius III, ‘Epistolae et privilegia’, Patrologia Latina, J. P. Migne, vol. 180 (Paris, 1902), col. 1203–4; Constable, ‘The Second Crusade as Seen by Contemporaries’, pp. 213–79; A. Forey, ‘The Second Crusade: Scope and Objectives’, Durham University Journal, vol. 86 (1994), pp. 165–75; A. Forey, ‘The siege of Lisbon and the Second Crusade’, Portuguese Studies, vol. 20 (2004), pp. 1–13; Phillips, The Second Crusade: Extending the Frontiers of Christendom, pp. 136–67, 228–68.

Lilie, Byzantium and the Crusader States, pp. 142–69; Phillips, Defenders of the Holy Land, pp. 73–99; P. Magdalino, The Empire of Manuel Komnenos, 1143–1180 (Cambridge, 1994).

Odo of Deuil, pp. 16–17.

Suger, ‘Epistolae’, Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France, ed. M. Bouquet et al., vol. 15 (Paris, 1878), p. 496; William of Tyre, pp. 751–2.