Guibert of Nogent, p. 121; Anna Comnena, vol. 2, p. 207; E. O. Blake and C. Morris, ‘A hermit goes to war: Peter and the origins of the First Crusade’, Studies in Church History, vol. 22 (1985), pp. 79–107; C. Morris, ‘Peter the Hermit and the Chroniclers’, The First Crusade: Origins and Impact, ed. J. P. Phillips (Manchester, 1997), pp. 21–34; J. Flori, Pierre l’Ermite et la Première Croisade (Paris, 1999); Riley-Smith, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading, pp. 49–57; J. S. C. Riley-Smith, ‘The First Crusade and the persecution of the Jews’, Studies in Church History, vol. 21 (1984), pp. 51–72; R. Chazan, European Jewry and the First Crusade (Berkeley, 1987); Asbridge, The First Crusade, pp. 78–89, 100–103.

This estimate tends towards the calculations made by J. France, Victory in the East, pp. 122–42. For other recent contributions to this vexed question see: B. Bachrach, ‘The siege of Antioch: A study in military demography’, War in History, vol. 6 (1999), pp. 127–46; Riley-Smith, The First Crusaders, p. 109; J. S. C. Riley-Smith, ‘Casualties and the number of knights on the First Crusade’, Crusades, vol. 1 (2002), pp. 13–28.

Guibert of Nogent, p. 87; J.H. and L.L. Hill, Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse (Syracuse, 1962).

William of Malmesbury, Gesta Regum Anglorum, vol. 1, ed. and trans. R. A. B. Mynors, R. M. Thomson and M. Winterbottom, vol. 1 (Oxford, 1998), p. 693; Anna Comnena, vol. 3, pp. 122–3; R. B. Yewdale, Bohemond I, Prince of Antioch (Princeton, 1917); R. L. Nicholson, Tancred: A Study of His Career and Work in Their Relation to the First Crusade and the Establishment of the Latin States in Syria and Palestine (Chicago, 1940).

J. C. Andressohn, The Ancestry and Life of Godfrey of Bouillon (Bloomington, 1947); P. Gindler, Graf Balduin I. von Edessa (Halle, 1901); C. W. David, Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy (Cambridge, Mass., 1920); W. M. Aird, Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy (Woodbridge, 2008); J. A. Brundage, ‘An errant crusader: Stephen of Blois’, Traditio, vol. 16 (1960), pp. 380–95; Gesta Francorum, p. 7; J. A. Brundage, Medieval Canon Law and the Crusader (Madison, 1969), pp. 17–18, 30–39, 115–21; J. A. Brundage, ‘The army of the First Crusade and the crusade vow: Some reflections on a recent book’, Medieval Studies, vol. 33 (1971), pp. 334–43; Riley-Smith, The First Crusaders, pp. 22–3, 81–2, 114; Mayer, The Crusades, pp. 21–3; Riley-Smith, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading, p. 47; France, Victory in the East, pp. 11–16; Asbridge, The First Crusade, pp. 66–76; Housley, Contesting the Crusades, pp. 24–47.

Anna Comnena, vol. 2, pp. 206–7, 233. On Byzantine history see: M. Angold, The Byzantine Empire, 1025–1204: A Political History, 2nd edn (London, 1997). On crusader–Byzantine relations during the First Crusade see: R.-J. Lilie, Byzantium and the Crusader States 1096–1204, trans. J. C. Morris and J. E. Ridings (Oxford, 1993), pp. 1–60; J. H. Pryor, ‘The oaths of the leaders of the First Crusade to emperor Alexius I Comnenus: fealty, homage, pistis, douleia’, Parergon, vol. 2 (1984), pp. 111–41; J. Shepard, ‘Cross purposes: Alexius Comnenus and the First Crusade’, The First Crusade: Origins and Impact, ed. J. P. Phillips (Manchester, 1997), pp. 107–29; J. Harris, Byzantium and the Crusades (London, 2006), pp. 53–71.

Albert of Aachen, p. 84; Anna Comnena, vol. 2, pp. 220–34; Asbridge, The First Crusade, pp. 103–13.

Raymond of Aguilers, pp. 42–3; Gesta Francorum, p. 15; Fulcher of Chartres, p. 187; Albert of Aachen, pp. 118–20.

Gesta Francorum, p. 15; Hagenmeyer, Kreuzzugsbriefe, pp. 138–40; Anna Comnena, vol. 2, pp. 230, 234.

Fulcher of Chartres, pp. 202–3; W. G. Zajac, ‘Captured property on the First Crusade’, The First Crusade: Origins and Impact, ed. J. P. Phillips (Manchester, 1997), pp. 153–86.

Gesta Francorum, pp. 18–21; Fulcher of Chartres, pp. 192–9; France, Victory in the East, pp. 170–85; Asbridge, The First Crusade, pp. 133–7.

Albert of Aachen, pp. 138–40. The quotation has been abridged. Gesta Francorum, p. 23.

T. S. Asbridge, The Creation of the Principality of Antioch 1098–1130 (Woodbridge, 2000), pp. 16–19; France, Victory in the East, pp. 190–96; Albert of Aachen, p. 170.

I myself espoused this assumption in 2004. Asbridge, The First Crusade, pp. 153–7.

Hagenmeyer, Kreuzzugsbriefe, p. 150; Raymond of Aguilers, pp. 47–8.

Gesta Francorum, p. 42; Fulcher of Chartres, p. 221; Albert of Aachen, pp. 208–10, 236–8; Hagenmeyer, Kreuzzugsbriefe, p. 150; Matthew of Edessa, pp. 167–8.

Fulcher of Chartres, pp. 224–6; Asbridge, The First Crusade, pp. 169–96. On the debate regarding Taticius’ departure see: Lilie, Byzantium and the Crusader States, pp. 33–7; J. France, ‘The departure of Tatikios from the army of the First Crusade’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, vol. 44 (1971), pp. 131–47; France, Victory in the East, p. 243. On the first siege of Antioch see also: R. Rogers, Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century (Oxford, 1992), pp. 25–38.

Hagenmeyer, Kreuzzugsbriefe, p. 151; Raymond of Aguilers, p. 58. On the First Crusaders’ relations with Near Eastern Muslims see: M. A. Köhler, Allianzen und Verträge zwischen frankischen und islamischen Herrschern in Vorderren Orient (Berlin, 1991), pp. 1–72; T. Asbridge, ‘Knowing the enemy: Latin relations with Islam at the time of the First Crusade’, Knighthoods of Christ, ed. N. Housley (Aldershot, 2007), pp. 17–25; Albert of Aachen, p. 268.

Fulcher of Chartres, p. 233; Albert of Aachen, pp. 282–4; Gesta Francorum, p. 48.

Gesta Francorum, p. 48; Peter Tudebode, p. 97; Albert of Aachen, pp. 298–300. This quotation has been abridged.

Raymond of Aguilers, p. 75; Gesta Francorum, pp. 65–6.

T. Asbridge, ‘The Holy Lance of Antioch: Power, devotion and memory on the First Crusade’, Reading Medieval Studies, vol. 33 (2007), pp. 3–36.

Matthew of Edessa, p. 171; Ibn al-Athir, vol. 1, p. 16; Albert of Aachen, p. 320.

Ibn al-Qalanisi, p. 46. On the Battle of Antioch see: France, Victory in the East, pp. 280–96; Asbridge, The First Crusade, pp. 232–40.

Raymond of Aguilers, p. 75; C. Morris, ‘Policy and vision: The case of the Holy Lance found at Antioch’, War and Government in the Middle Ages: Essays in honour of J. O. Prestwich, ed. J. Gillingham and J. C. Holt (Woodbridge, 1984), pp. 33–45.

Fulcher of Chartres, pp. 266–7; Raymond of Aguilers, p. 101; T. Asbridge, ‘The principality of Antioch and the Jabal as-Summaq’, The First Crusade: Origins and Impact, ed. J. P. Phillips (Manchester, 1997), pp. 142–52. For alternative readings of these events see: Hill, Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse, pp. 85–109; J. France, ‘The crisis of the First Crusade from the defeat of Kerbogha to the departure from Arqa’, Byzantion, vol. 40 (1970), pp. 276–308.

Raymond of Aguilers, pp. 120–24, 128–9; Fulcher of Chartres, pp. 238–41.

Albert of Aachen, p. 402.

Fulcher of Chartres, pp. 281–92. On medieval Jerusalem see: A. J. Boas, Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades (London, 2001); J. Prawer, ‘The Jerusalem the crusaders captured: A contribution to the medieval topography of the city’, Crusade and Settlement, ed. P. W. Edbury (Cardiff, 1985), pp. 1–16; France, Victory in the East, pp. 333–5, 337–43.

Raymond of Aguilers, pp. 139–41; Albert of Aachen, pp. 410–12. On the siege of Jerusalem see: France, Victory in the East, pp. 332–55; Rogers, Latin Siege Warfare, pp. 47–63; Asbridge, The First Crusade, pp. 298–316.