DNA and, 19.

See also Ancestors and descendants; Natural selection

Sagan, Carl, 160

Salmon, 125. See also Fishes

Science, 31-32

Sea gulls, 63-64. See also Birds

Seals, 106-7, 109-10, 116, 118. See also Mammals

Selfish Gene, The (Dawkins), 113, 158

Seven Clues to the Origin of Life (Cairns-Smith), 151

Sex:

in bees, 115;

differences in numbers of children, 56, 108-18;

effects on DNA, 4-5;

male, 118-19;

“parental” or resource expenditure and, 109-12, 115-16, 126, 130-31;

sex ratios, 106-9, 110-18;

of worker insects, 4, 115

Sex ratios. See Sex

Sexual reproduction:

genetic recombination and, 6;

historical DNA record and, 39-41, 44, 46;

propagation and, 1, 106

Siblings, 3-4

Signal boosting, 14-15, 19

Sisters. See Siblings

Slide rules, 103

Song of Solomon, 40

Tape recordings, 14-15, 16

Tartrate crystals, 139-40

Technology development, 158-59

Telephones, 12, 13-14, 15

Termites, 4. See also Insects

Thomas, Lewis, 159

Thymine, 144. See also DNA

Tigers, 71. See also Mammals

Tinbergen, Niko, 62-63, 68

Tissues, 21, 80

Trees, 121

Turkeys, 64-65. See also Birds

Utilitarians, 103-4

Utility function:

definition of, 103-4;

living bodies and, 104-5;

longevity and, 127;

quality and, 122-24;

selfish gain and, 121-22;

sex ratios and, 118;

survival of DNA as, 119-20, 131

Variation, coefficient of, 82

Vertebrates, 12. See also Mammals

Vision, 72-78. See also Eyes

von Frisch, Karl, 66, 84, 85, 88, 92, 98-101 {172}

Wasps, 4, 59-60, 66-70, 95. See also Insects