I

ice ages; Agassiz’s theory; Croll’s theory; Earth’s orbit and; human evolution and; landscape and; Little Ice Age; Messinian Salinity Crisis and; Snowball Earth; survival of life and; warming of; Wisconsian ice sheet

Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory of the Earth (Playfair)

Inflationary Universe, The (Gamow)

insects; known species; new discoveries; species, estimated

International Cloud Atlas (Howard)

Isaacs, John

isotope geochemistry

Izett, Glenn

J

Jardine, Lisa

Jarvik, Erik

Java Man

Jefferson, Thomas

Jeffreys, Alec

Jeffreys, Harold

Jenkin, Fleeming

Johanson, Donald

Johnston, David

Joly, John

Joseph, Lawrence

Jupiter: comet Shoemaker-Levy, impact on; distance from Earth

K

Kaku, Michio

Kelly, Kevin

Kelvin, Lord

Keynes, John Maynard

kimberlite pipes

Kinsey, Alfred C.

Kolbert, Elizabeth

Köppen, Wladimir

Krebs, Robert E., 108

KT boundary; event and extinctions

Kuiper belt

Kuiper, Gerard,

Kunzig, Robert

Kurlansky, Mark

L

La Condamine, Charles Marie de,

Lalande, Joseph

Large Magellanic Cloud

Lassa fever

Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent

Lavoisier, Madame

Lawrence, Ernest

Le Gentil, Guillaume

lead,; age of Earth and; atmospheric; banning; Clean Air Act of 1970; health hazards; isotope; tetraethyl (TEL, gasoline additive)

Leakey, Louis

Leakey, Mary

Leakey, Meave

Leakey, Richard

Leavitt, Henrietta Swan

Lederman, Leon

Leeuwenhoek, Antoni van

Lehmann, Inge

Leibniz, Gottfried von

Lemaitre, Georges

Leonard, F. C.

Levy, David

Lewin, Roger

Lewis, John S.

Lewis, Meriwether

Lewontin, Richard

Libby, Willard

lichens

life: amino acids; bacteria (microbes); Big Birth,; Cambrian explosion; categorization of; cell theory; change and mutation; chemicals or heavy elements for; classification of,; conditions necessary for; creation in the laboratory; database of living organisms; deep sea, and requirements for; Darwinism; Dimetrodon; diversity of; DNA; earliest, character of; on Earth; on Earth, date of origination; on Earth, evolution of, from anaerobic to oxygen-loving; emergence from the sea; eukaryotes; evolution of; extraterrestrial; extremophiles; flying creatures; hyperthermophiles; insects; marine organisms and stability of atmosphere and weather; meteorite theory (panspermia); mitochondria, development of; mystery or miracle of; natural impulse to assemble and; oneness of; oxygen levels and size of creatures; oxygenation of the atmosphere and; planets where possible; proteins and; saltationist theory; species, known; species, origination of; species, unknown; stromatolites, living remnants of 3.5 billion year old life; tetrapods; vertebrates; vertebrates, terrestrial; viruses. See also bacteria; extinctions; fossils; humans

Life: An Unauthorized Biography (Fortey)

Life at the Extremes (Ashcroft)

light: Michelson-Morley experiment; quantum theory; special theory of relativity; speed of, constant; symbol for speed of; as wave

Lightman, Alan

Lincoln, Abraham

Linde, Andrei

Linnaeus, Carolus

Lonely Hearts of the Cosmos (Overbye)

Longitude (Sobel)

Lowell, Percival

Lyell, Charles

Lyon, John

M

Mach, Ernst

MacPhee, Ross

Maddox, Brenda

Maes, Koen

magnetic field, reversal of Earth’s

Malthus, Thomas

mammals; protomammals, therapsids; surviving periods of extinction

mammoth

Manson, Iowa, impact

Mantell, Gideon Algernon,

Mantell, Walter

Map That Changed the World, The (Winchester)

maps and mapmaking,; contour lines; measuring the length of a degree; meridian, measurements of

Marat, Jean-Paul

Marburg fever

Marcy, Geoffrey

Margulis, Lynn

Mars: conditions on,; lack of liquid core; moons

Marsh, Bryan

Marsh, Othniel Charles

Marshall, Barry

Maskelyne, Nevil

Mason and Dixon line

Mason, George

Mason, John

Mathematical Climatology and the Astronomical Theory of Climactic Changes (Milankovitch)

Matthew, Patrick

Matthews, Drummond

Maxwell, James Clerk

Mayer, August

Mayr, Ernst

McGrayne, Sharon Bertsch

McGuire, Bill

McLaren, Dewey J.

McPhee, John

Medawar, Peter

Meinertzhagen, Richard

Mendel, Gregor

Mendeleyev, Dmitri Ivanovich

Mendes, J. C.

meningitis

Messinian Salinity Crisis

Meteor (film)

Meteor Crater, Arizona

meteorites; carbonaceous chondrites; Murchison, Australia; panspermia theory; Tagish Lake, Canada. See also asteroids

Michel, Helen

Michell, John

Michelson, Albert

Michelson-Morley experiment

microscope

Midgley, Thomas, Jr.

Miescher, Johann Friedrich

Milankovitch, Milutin; cycles

Milky Way

Miller, Stanley

Missing Links (Reader)

Mohorovii´c, Andrija

molecule

monitor lizards

Monod, Jacques

Moody, Plinus

Moon (Earth’s): birth of; distance from Earth, measuring; cratering rates; lack of liquid core; stability of Earth and

Morgan, Thomas Hunt

Morley, Edward

Morley, Lawrence

Moss Flora of Britain and Ireland (Smith)

mosses

Movius, Hallum

Mullis, Kary B.

Murchison, Roderick

Murray, John

museum, first public

Myers, Norman

N

Naked Earth: The New Geophysics (Vogel)

Natural History Museum, London

necrotizing fasciitis

Neptune; distance from Earth; moons

neutrino

neutron; activation analysis

neutron stars

New Horizons spacecraft

Newlands, John

Newton, Isaac; ether and ether drift; gravity and; laws of motion

Ngalli, Jillani

nitrogen: bacteria and; bends and; in human body; intoxication

nitric oxide

nitrous oxide (laughing gas)

Nobel Prize: Alvarez, Luis; Bohr, Niels; Chadwick, James; Crick, Watkins, and Wilson; Curie, Marie; delay in receiving; Einstein, Albert.; geologists never win; Hoyle, Fred; Libby, Willard; Medawar, Peter; Morgan, Thomas Hunt; opposition to Avery’s; Pauling, Linus; Rutherford, Ernest; Sulston, John; Urey, Harold

noble gases,

North Star

Norton, Trevor

Norwood, Richard

Note on the Species of Living and Fossil Elephants (Cuvier)

Notes on the State of Virginia (Jefferson)

Nuland, Sherwin B.

numbers, very large

Nuttall, Thomas