“Drink a glass of wine . . .”Scientific American, “Move Over, Human Genome,” April 2002, pp. 44-45.

“Anything that is true of E. coli . . .”Nature, “From E. coli to Elephants,” May 2, 2002, p. 22.

CHAPTER 27 ICE TIME

“The Times ran a small story . . .” Williams and Montaigne, p. 198.

“Spring never came and summer never warmed.” Officer and Page, pp. 3-6.

“One French naturalist named de Luc . . .” Hallam, p. 89.

“and the other abundant clues . . .” Hallam, p. 90.

“The naturalist Jean de Charpentier told the story . . .” Hallam, p. 90.

“He lent Agassiz his notes . . .” Hallam, pp. 92-93.

“there are three stages in scientific discovery . . .” Ferris, The Whole Shebang, p. 173.

“In his quest to understand the dynamics of glaciation . . .” McPhee, In Suspect Terrain, p. 182.

“William Hopkins, a Cambridge professor . . .” Hallam, p. 98.

“He began to find evidence for glaciers . . .” Hallam, p. 99.

“ice had once covered the whole Earth . . .” Gould, Time’s Arrow, p. 115.

“When he died in 1873 Harvard felt it necessary . . .” McPhee, In Suspect Terrain, p. 197.

“Less than a decade after his death . . .” McPhee, In Suspect Terrain, p. 197.

“For the next twenty years . . .” Gribbin and Gribbin, Ice Age, p. 51.

“The cause of ice ages . . .” Chorlton, Ice Ages, p. 101.

“It is not necessarily the amount of snow . . .” Schultz, p. 72.

“The process is self-enlarging . . .” McPhee, In Suspect Terrain, p. 205.

“you would have been hard pressed to find a geologist . . .” Gribbin and Gribbin, Ice Age, p. 60.

“we are still very much in an ice age . . .” Schultz, Ice Age Lost, p. 5.

“a situation that may be unique in Earth’s history.” Gribbin and Gribbin, Fire on Earth, p. 147.

“at least seventeen severe glacial episodes . . .” Flannery, The Eternal Frontier, p. 148.

“about fifty more glacial episodes . . .” McPhee, In Suspect Terrain, p. 4.

“Earth had no regular ice ages . . .” Stevens, p. 10.

“the Cryogenian, or super ice age.” McGuire, p. 69.

“The entire surface of the planet . . .”Valley News (from Washington Post), “The Snowball Theory,” June 19, 2000, p. C1.

“the wildest weather it has ever experienced . . .” BBC Horizon transcript, “Snowball Earth,” February 22, 2001, p. 7.

“known to science as the Younger Dryas,” Stevens, p. 34.

“a vast unsupervised experiment . . .”New Yorker, “Ice Memory,” January 7, 2002, p. 36.

“a slight warming would enhance evaporation rates . . .” Schultz, p. 72.

“No less intriguing are the known ranges . . .” Drury, p. 268.

“a retreat to warmer climes wasn’t possible.” Thomas H. Rich, Patricia Vickers-Rich, and Roland Gangloff, “Polar Dinosaurs,” unpublished manuscript.

“there is a lot more water for them to draw on . . .” Schultz, p. 159.

“If so, sea levels globally would rise . . .” Ball, p. 75.

“‘Did you have a good ice age?’ ” Flannery, The Eternal Frontier, p. 267.

CHAPTER 28 THE MYSTERIOUS BIPED

“Just before Christmas 1887 . . .”National Geographic, May 1997, p. 87.

“found by railway workers in a cave . . .” Tattersall and Schwartz, p. 149.

“The first formal description . . .” Trinkaus and Shipman, p. 173.

“the name and credit for the discovery . . .” Trinkaus and Shipman, pp. 3-6.

“T. H. Huxley in England drily observed . . .” Trinkaus and Shipman, p. 59.

“He did no digging himself . . .” Gould, Eight Little Piggies, pp. 126-27.

“In fact, many anthropologists think it is modern . . .” Walker and Shipman, The Wisdom of the Bones, p. 47.

“If it is an erectus bone . . .” Trinkaus and Shipman, p. 144.

“with nothing but a scrap of cranium and one tooth . . .” Trinkaus and Shipman, p. 154.

“Schwalbe thereupon produced a monograph . . .” Walker and Shipman, p. 50.

“Dart could see at once . . .” Walker and Shipman, p. 90.

“he would sometimes bury their bodies . . .” Trinkaus and Shipman, p. 233.

“Dart spent five years working up a monograph . . .” Lewin, Bones of Contention, p. 82.

“sat as a paperweight on a colleague’s desk.” Walker and Shipman, p. 93.

“announced the discovery of Sinanthropus pekinensis . . .” Swisher, et al., Java Man, p. 75.

“enthusiastically smashing large pieces into small ones . . .” Swisher et al., p. 77.

“Solo People were known . . .” Swisher, et al., p. 211.

“in 1960 F. Clark Howell of the University of Chicago . . .” Trinkaus and Shipman, pp. 267-68.

“our understanding of human prehistory . . .”Washington Post, “Skull Raises Doubts About Our Ancestry.” March 22, 2001.

“You could fit it all into the back of a pickup truck . . .” Ian Tattersall interview, American Museum of Natural History, New York, May 6, 2002.

“early hand tools were mostly made by antelopes.” Walker and Shipman, p. 82.

“males and females evolving at different rates . . .” Walker and Shipman, p. 133.

“dismiss it as a mere ‘wastebasket species’ . . .” Tattersall and Schwartz, p. 111.

“have confirmed the preconceptions of its discoverer.” Quoted by Gribbin and Cherfas, The First Chimpanzee, p. 60.

“perhaps the largest share of egos . . .” Swisher et al., p. 17.

“unpredictable and high-decibel personal verbal assaults . . .” Swisher et al., p. 140.

“For the first 99.99999 percent of our history . . .” Tattersall, The Human Odyssey, p. 60.

“She is our earliest ancestor . . .” PBS Nova, June 3, 1997, “In Search of Human Origins.”

“discounted the 106 bones of the hands and feet . . .” Walker and Shipman, p. 181.

“Lucy and her kind did not locomote . . .” Tattersall, The Monkey in the Mirror, p. 89.

“Only when these hominids had to travel . . .” Tattersall and Schwartz, p. 91.

“Lucy’s hips and the muscular arrangement of her pelvis . . .”National Geographic, “Face-to-Face with Lucy’s Family,” March 1996, p. 114.

“One, discovered by Meave Leakey . . .”New Scientist, March 24, 2001, p. 5.

“the oldest hominid yet found . . .”Nature, “Return to the Planet of the Apes,” July 12, 2001, p. 131.

“found a hominid almost seven million years old . . .”Scientific American, “An Ancestor to Call Our Own,” January 2003, pp. 54-63.

“Some critics believe that it was not human . . .”Nature, “Face to Face with Our Past,” December 19-26, 2002, p. 735.

“when you are a small, vulnerable australopithecine . . .” Stevens, p. 3; and Drury, pp. 335-36.

“but that the forests left them . . .” Gribbin and Gribbin, Being Human, p. 135.

“For over three million years . . .” PBS Nova, “In Search of Human Origins,” first broadcast August 1999.

“yet the australopithecines never took advantage . . .” Drury, p. 338.

“‘Perhaps,’ suggests Matt Ridley, ‘we ate them.’ ” Ridley, Genome, p. 33.

“they make up only 2 percent of the body’s mass . . .” Drury, p. 345.

“The body is in constant danger . . .” Brown, p. 216.